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1 Measurement 1 1-1 Measuring Things, Including Lengths 1 1-2 Time 5 1-3 Mass 6 Review & Summary 8 Problems 8 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 11 2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity 11 2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 16 2-3 Acceleration 18 2-4 Constant Acceleration 21 2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration 25 2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis 27 Review & Summary 28 Problems 29 3 Vectors 34 3-1 Vectors and Their Components 34 3-2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors By Components 40 3-3 Multiplying Vectors 44 Review & Summary 49 Problems 50 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 53 4-1 Position and Displacement 53 4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 55 4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 58 4-4 Projectile Motion 61 4-5 Uniform Circular Motion 67 4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension 69 4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions 71 Review & Summary 72 Problems 73 5 Force and Motion-I 79 5-1 Newton's First and Second Laws 79 5-2 Some Particular Forces 87 5-3 Applying Newton's Laws 91 Review & Summary 99 Problems 99 6 Force and Motion-II 104 6-1 Friction 104 6-2 The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 110 6-3 Uniform Circular Motion 113 Review & Summary 118 Problems 119 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 125 7-1 Kinetic Energy 125 7-2 Work and Kinetic Energy 127 7-3 Work Done By The Gravitational Force 131 7-4 Work Done By a Spring Force 135 7-5 Work Done By a General Variable Force 138 7-6 Power 142 Review & Summary 144 Problems 145 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 150 8-1 Potential Energy 150 8-2 Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157 8-3 Reading a Potential Energy Curve 160 8-4 Work Done On a System by An External Force 164 8-5 Conservation of Energy 168 Review & Summary 172 Problems 173 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 181 9-1 Center of Mass 181 9-2 Newton's Second Law for a System of Particles 187 9-3 Linear Momentum 191 9-4 Collision and Impulse 193 9-5 Conservation of Linear Momentum 197 9-6 Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions 200 9-7 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 204 9-8 Collisions in Two Dimensions 207 9-9 Systems with Varying Mass: a Rocket 208 Review & Summary 210 Problems 212 10 Rotation 217 10-1 Rotational Variables 217 10-2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 226 10-3 Relating The Linear and Angular Variables 228 10-4 Kinetic Energy of Rotation 231 10-5 Calculating The Rotational Inertia 233 10-6 Torque 237 10-7 Newton's Second Law For Rotation 239 10-8 Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy 242 Review & Summary 245 Problems 246 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 251 11-1 Rolling As Translation and Rotation Combined 251 11-2 Forces and Kinetic Energy of Rolling 254 11-3 The Yo-Yo 257 11-4 Torque Revisited 258 11-5 Angular Momentum 261 11-6 Newton's Second Law in Angular Form 263 11-7 Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body 266 11-8 Conservation of Angular Momentum 268 11-9 Precession of a Gyroscope 273 Review & Summary 274 Problems 275 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 280 12-1 Equilibrium 280 12-2 Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 285 12-3 Elasticity 291 Review & Summary 296 Problems 296 13 Gravitation 302 13-1 Newton's Law of Gravitation 302 13-2 Gravitation and The Principle of Superposition 305 13-3 Gravitation Near Earth's Surface 307 13-4 Gravitation Inside Earth 310 13-5 Gravitational Potential Energy 312 13-6 Planets and Satellites: Kepler's Laws 316 13-7 Satellites: Orbits and Energy 319 13-8 Einstein and Gravitation 322 Review & Summary 324 Problems 325 14 Fluids 330 14-1 Fluids, Density, and Pressure 330 14-2 Fluids at Rest 332 14-3 Measuring Pressure 336 14-4 Pascal's Principle 337 14-5 Archimedes' Principle 338 14-6 The Equation of Continuity 342 14-7 Bernoulli's Equation 345 Review & Summary 349 Problems 349 15 Oscillations 354 15-1 Simple Harmonic Motion 354 15-2 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 362 15-3 An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 364 15-4 Pendulums, Circular Motion 365 15-5 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 371 15-6 Forced Oscillations and Resonance 373 Review & Summary 375 Problems 375 16 Waves-I 380 16-1 Transverse Waves 380 16-2 Wave Speed on a Stretched String 388 16-3 Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 390 16-4 The Wave Equation 392 16-5 Interference of Waves 394 16-6 Phasors 398 16-7 Standing Waves and Resonance 401 17 Waves-II 411 17-1 Speed of Sound 411 17-2 Traveling Sound Waves 414 17-3 Interference 417 17-4 Intensity and Sound Level 420 17-5 Sources of Musical Sound 424 17-6 Beats 428 17-7 The Doppler Effect 430 17-8 Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves 435 Review & Summary 436 Problems 437 18 Temperature, Heat, and The First Law of Thermodynamics 442 18-1 Temperature 442 18-2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 446 18-3 Thermal Expansion 448 18-4 Absorption of Heat 450 18-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 456 18-6 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 462 Review & Summary 466 Problems 468 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 472 19-1 Avogadro's Number 472 19-2 Ideal Gases 473 19-3 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 477 19-4 Translational Kinetic Energy 480 19-5 Mean Free Path 481 19-6 The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 483 19-7 The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 487 19-8 Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats 491 19-9 The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas 494 Review & Summary 498 Problems 500 20 Entropy and The Second Law of Thermodynamics 503 20-1 Entropy 503 20-2 Entropy in The Real World: Engines 510 20-3 Refrigerators and Real Engines 515 20-4 A Statistical View of Entropy 518 Review & Summary 522 Problems 523 21 Coulomb's Law 527 21-1 Coulomb's Law 527 21-2 Charge Is Quantized 537 21-3 Charge Is Conserved 539 Review & Summary 540 Problems 541 22 Electric Fields 544 22-1 The Electric Field 544 22-2 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Particle 547 22-3 The Electric Field Due To a Dipole 549 22-4 The Electric Field Due To a Line of Charge 552 22-5 The Electric Field Due To a Charged Disk 557 22-6 A Point Charge in an Electric Field 559 22-7 A Dipole in an Electric Field 561 Review & Summary 564 Problems 565 23 Gauss' Law 569 23-1 Electric Flux 569 23-2 Gauss' Law 574 23-3 A Charged Isolated Conductor 578 23-4 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 581 23-5 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry 583 23-6 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry 585 Review & Summary 587 Problems 587 24 Electric Potential 592 24-1 Electric Potential 592 24-2 Equipotential Surfaces and The Electric Field 597 24-3 Potential Due To a Charged Particle 601 24-4 Potential Due To an Electric Dipole 604 24-5 Potential Due To a Continuous Charge Distribution 605 24-6 Calculating The Field From The Potential 608 24-7 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 610 24-8 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor 613 Review & Summary 614 Problems 615 25 Capacitance 620 25-1 Capacitance 620 25-2 Calculating The Capacitance 622 25-3 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 626 25-4 Energy Stored in An Electric Field 631 25-5 Capacitor with a Dielectric 634 25-6 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law 638 Review & Summary 641 Problems 641 26 Current and Resistance 646 26-1 Electric Current 646 26-2 Current Density 649 26-3 Resistance and Resistivity 653 26-4 Ohm's Law 657 26-5 Power, Semiconductors, Superconductors 661 Review & Summary 664 Problems 665 27 Circuits 669 27-1 Single-Loop Circuits 669 27-2 Multiloop Circuits 679 27-3 The Ammeter and The Voltmeter 686 27-4 Rc Circuits 686 Review & Summary 691 Problems 691 28 Magnetic Fields 697 28-1 Magnetic Fields and The Definition of B 697 28-2 Crossed Fields: Discovery of The Electron 702 28-3 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 704 28-4 A Circulating Charged Particle 708 28-5 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 711 28-6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 714 28-7 Torque on a Current Loop 716 28-8 The Magnetic Dipole Moment 718 Review & Summary 721 Problems 721 29 Magnetic Fields Due To Currents 726 29-1 Magnetic Field Due To a Current 726 29-2 Force Between Two Parallel Currents 732 29-4 Solenoids and Toroids 738 29-5 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole 741 Review & Summary 744 Problems 745 30 Induction and Inductance 750 30-1 Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 750 30-2 Induction and Energy Transfers 757 30-3 Induced Electric Fields 760 30-4 Inductors and Inductance 765 30-5 Self-Induction 767 30-6 Rl Circuits 768 30-7 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 773 30-8 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field 775 30-9 Mutual Induction 776 Review & Summary 779 Problems 779 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 784 31-1 Lc Oscillations 784 31-2 Damped Oscillations in an Rlc Circuit 791 31-3 Forced Oscillations of Three Simple Circuits 793 31-4 The Series Rlc Circuit 802 31-5 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 808 31-6 Transformers 811 Review & Summary 814 Problems 815 32 Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter 819 32-1 Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields 819 32-2 Induced Magnetic Fields 821 32-3 Displacement Current 824 32-4 Magnets 828 32-5 Magnetism and Electrons 830 32-6 Diamagnetism 835 32-7 Paramagnetism 837 32-8 Ferromagnetism 839 Review & Summary 842 Problems 843 33 Electromagnetic Waves 848 33-1 Electromagnetic Waves 848 33-2 Energy Transport and The Poynting Vector 856 33-3 Radiation Pressure 859 33-4 Polarization 861 33-5 Reflection and Refraction 866 33-6 Total Internal Reflection 872 33-7 Polarization By Reflection 873 Review & Summary 875 Problems 876 34 Images 881 34-1 Images and Plane Mirrors 881 34-2 Spherical Mirrors 885 34-3 Spherical Refracting Surfaces 891 34-4 Thin Lenses 894 34-5 Optical Instruments 901 34-6 Three Proofs 904 Review & Summary 907 Problems 908 35 Interference 915 35-1 Light As a Wave 915 35-2 Young's Interference Experiment 921 35-3 Interference and Double-Slit Intensity 927 35-4 Interference From Thin Films 931 35-5 Michelson's Interferometer 938 Review & Summary 940 Problems 940 36 Diffraction 946 36-1 Single-Slit Diffraction 946 36-2 Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction 951 36-3 Diffraction By a Circular Aperture 955 36-4 Diffraction By a Double Slit 959 36-5 Diffraction Gratings 963 36-6 Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 966 36-7 X-Ray Diffraction 969 Review & Summary 972 Problems 972 37 Relativity 976 37-1 Simultaneity and Time Dilation 976 37-2 The Relativity of Length 985 37-3 The Lorentz Transformation 989 37-4 The Relativity of Velocities 993 37-5 Doppler Effect For Light 994 37-6 Momentum and Energy 997 Review & Summary 1003 Problems 1004 38 Photons and Matter Waves 1009 38-1 The Photon, The Quantum of Light 1009 38-2 The Photoelectric Effect 1011 38-3 Photons, Momentum, Compton Scattering, Light Interference 1014 38-4 The Birth of Quantum Physics 1020 38-5 Electrons and Matter Waves 1022 38-6 Schroedinger's Equation 1026 38-7 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle 1028 38-8 Reflection From a Potential Step 1030 38-9 Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier 1032 Review & Summary 1035 Problems 1036 39 More About Matter Waves 1040 39-1 Energies of a Trapped Electron 1040 39-2 Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 1045 39-3 An Electron in a Finite Well 1049 39-4 Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 1051 39-5 The Hydrogen Atom 1055 Review & Summary 1067 Problems 1067 40 All About Atoms 1071 40-1 Properties of Atoms 1071 40-2 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 1078 40-3 Magnetic Resonance 1081 40-4 Exclusion Principle and Multiple Electrons in a Trap 1082 40-5 Building The Periodic Table 1086 40-6 X Rays and The Ordering of The Elements 1088 Review & Summary 1097 Problems 1098 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 1102 41-1 The Electrical Properties of Metals 1102 41-2 Semiconductors and Doping 1111 41-3 The P-N Junction and The Transistor 1115 Review & Summary 1121 Problems 1122 42 Nuclear Physics 1125 42-1 Discovering The Nucleus 1125 42-2 Some Nuclear Properties 1128 42-3 Radioactive Decay 1135 42-4 Alpha Decay 1138 42-5 Beta Decay 1141 42-6 Radioactive Dating 1144 42-7 Measuring Radiation Dosage 1145 42-8 Nuclear Models 1146 Review & Summary 1149 Problems 1150 43 Energy From The Nucleus 1155 43-1 Nuclear Fission 1155 43-2 The Nuclear Reactor 1162 43-3 A Natural Nuclear Reactor 1166 43-4 Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 1168 43-5 Thermonuclear Fusion in The Sun and Other Stars 1170 43-6 Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion 1172 Review & Summary 1175 Problems 1175 44 Quarks, Leptons, and The Big Bang 1180 44-1 General Properties of Elementary Particles 1180 44-2 Leptons, Hadrons, and Strangeness 1189 44-3 Quarks and Messenger Particles 1195 44-4 Cosmology 1201 Review & Summary 1208 Problems 1208 Appendices A The International System of Units (Si) A-1 B Some Fundamental Constants of Physics A-3 C Some Astronomical Data A-4 D Conversion Factors A-5 E Mathematical Formulas A-9 F Properties of The Elements A-12 G Periodic Table of The Elements A-15 Answers To Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems An-1 Index I-1

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