Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies and source materials for biodiesel production as well as socio-economic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. This book offers a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book a valuable reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production. Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies and source materials for biodiesel production as well as socio-economic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. This book offers a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book a valuable reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production. Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies and source materials for biodiesel production as well as socio-economic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. This book offers a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book a valuable reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production. Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies and source materials for biodiesel production as well as socio-economic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. This book offers a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book a valuable reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production. Sponsored by the Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects Task Committee of the Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Engineering of the Environmental Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE Biodiesel Production: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Prospects presents approaches, technologies, and source materials for biodiesel production, as well as socioeconomic and political impacts of biodiesel applications. As industrialization and population increases, the need for energy is also increasing. Petroleum diesel is a major fuel source worldwide that possesses many disadvantages including decreasing fossil fuel reserves and increasing atmospheric pollution. These pollutants have significant negative impacts on the global environment and human health. Thus, it is imperative to develop alternate fuels and renewable sources of energy that are environmentally sustainable, with biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewability and are less reliant on petroleum products. This book presents a detailed overview of the benefits, impacts, and production of biodiesel. Topics include History, composition, physicochemical properties, and standards; General methods and applications of raw materials; Extraction of lipids from the oil-bearing materials; Nanotechnology and genetic engineering; Conventional methods and use of resins and adsorbents for purification; Management of coproducts; Economic evaluation and environmental impacts; and Socioeconomic and political considerations. Researchers, scientists, engineers, students, policy makers, and government officials will find this book to be an essential reference of comprehensive information on biodiesel production.
Preface Contributing Authors About the Editors Biodiesel Basics Biodiesel History Properties of Biodiesel Biodiesel Standards Biodiesel versus Other Biorefinery Products Biodiesel Blending, Storage, and Transport Performance of Biodiesel as a Fuel and Demonstration of its Usage References Biodiesel: Variations, Properties, and Comparison with Diesel Introduction Variations in Biodiesel Physicochemical Aspects Contaminants in Biodiesel Particulate Emissions Conclusion References Biodiesel Production by Transesterification Introduction Transesterification of Oil/Fat to Biodiesel Transesterification of Oil-Bearing Substances to Biodiesel Biodiesel Production Summary Acknowledgments References Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production Introduction Feedstocks and General Methods for Biodiesel Production Enzyme-Catalyzed Transesterification for Biodiesel Production Cost Analysis of Immobilized Lipase-Based Transesterification Summary References Plant Oil to Biodiesel Introduction Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production Physical and Chemical Properties of Plant Oils Transesterification Processes of Plant Oils Challenges in Biodiesel Production from Plant Oils Future Work and Prospects Summary References Animal Fat Biodiesel Introduction Sources of Animal Fats for Biodiesel Production Comparative Studies of Free Fatty Acids Effects of Metals on Tallow, Lard, Poultry, and Fish Fat Conversion of Animal Fats into Biodiesel Using Charcoal and CO2 Measuring the Economic Impact of Animal Fat Biodiesel Pros and Cons of Animal Fat Biodiesel Summary Acknowledgments References Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Introduction Sources of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Comparison between Waste Cooking Oil and Virgin Oil Cost Analysis of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Summary References Microalgae Oil Biodiesel Introduction Microalgae for Biodiesel Production Impact Factors of Microalgae Production and Oil Accumulation Microalgae Cultivation Systems Microalgae Biomass Harvest Possibility of Microalgae Biodiesel Summary References Single Cell Oil Biodiesel Introduction Characteristics of Single Cell Oil Oleaginous Microorganisms for Single Cell Oil Production Substrates Utilized for Single Cell Oil Production Factors Affecting Production of Single Cell Oil Degradation of Lipids in Carbon Limitation Biochemistry of Single Cell Oil Production in Yeast Genetic Engineering for Single Cell Oil Production Cost and Economic Consideration in Single Cell Oil Production Challenges and Prospects Summary References Biodiesel Production from Oleaginous Microorganisms with Organic Wastes as Raw Materials Introduction Organic Wastes for Oleaginous Microorganism Cultivation Parameters Affecting Lipid Accumulation Case Studies Challenges and Future Perspectives Summary Acknowledgments References Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge Introduction Methods of Sludge Disposal Sludge Characterization Valuable Products from Wastewater Sludge Recent Studies on Oil Extraction Using Wastewater Sludge Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Oil Extraction Processes Comparison of Sludge-Based Oil with Other Oils Techno-Economic Evaluation Recent Advancements and Future Perspectives Conclusions References Biodiesel Production Using Fermented Wastewater Sludge-Derived Lipids Introduction Characteristics of Wastewater Sludge Biodiesel from Wastewater Sludge-Derived Lipids Factors Affecting Lipid Production Using Wastewater Sludge Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms Fed with Sludge Challenges and Future Perspectives Summary References Conversion of Crude Glycerol to Lipid and Biodiesel 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Characteristics and Composition of Crude Glycerol 13.3 Rationale for Use of Crude Glycerol in Lipid Production 13.4 Metabolism for Glycerol Uptake 13.5 Recent Studies on Lipid Production from Crude Glycerol 13.6 Analysis of Studies Reported in Literature 13.7 Major Findings from Previous Studies and Future Perspectives 13.8 Summary 13.9 References Lignocellulosic Biomass: The Future Renewable Low-Cost Carbon Source for Microbial Lipid Production 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lipid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass 14.3 Fermentation 14.4 Types of Fermentation for Lipid Production 14.5 Pretreatment Inhibitors and Their Effect on Microbial Growth and Lipid Accumulation 14.6 Summary 14.7 References Lipid Extraction Technologies 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Cell Disruption 15.3 Physical Technologies of Lipid Separation 15.4 Chemical Technologies of Lipid Separation 15.5 Summary 15.6 Acknowledgments 15.7 References Milking of Lipids from Oleaginous Microorganisms 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Microbial Potential for Lipid Production 16.3 Milking Methods to Extract Lipids 16.4 Summary and Future Prospects 16.5 References Application of Nanotechnology in Biodiesel Production 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Lipid Production Using Nanotechnology 17.3 Lipid Extraction Using Nanotechnology 17.4 Nanotechnology in Selective Purification of Hydrocarbons from Oil 17.5 Nanotechnology in Transesterification Reaction 17.6 Conclusions 17.7 References Genetic/Metabolic Engineering and Synthetic Biology Applications to Improve Single Cell Oil Accumulation 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic Gene Transfer Mechanisms 18.3 Advances in Genetic Engineering Tools 18.4 Multiple Knowledge Needed for Planning the Genetic Engineering 18.5 Genetic Engineering Strategies for Lipid Production 18.6 Genetic Engineering in Algae 18.7 Improvement in Biodiesel Production by Genetic Engineering 18.8 Importance of Gene Constructs and Synergy of Operons 18.9 Challenges in Designing Metabolic Pathways 18.10 Summary and Future Prospects 18.11 References Recovery and Purification Technologies of Biodiesel 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Biodiesel Separation Techniques 19.3 Biodiesel Purification Techniques 19.4 Quality Testing of Biodiesel 19.5 Storage, Stability, and Transportation 19.6 Future Work and Prospects 19.7 Summary 19.8 Acknowledgments 19.9 Abbreviations 19.10 References Purification of Biodiesel Using Resins and Adsorbents 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Recent Case Studies 20.3 Comparative Studies among Adsorbents, Ion-Exchange Resins, and Wet-Washing Methods 20.4 Research on Improvement of Ion-Exchangers and Absorbents for Biodiesel Purification 20.5 Conclusions 20.6 References Management of Coproducts from Biodiesel Production 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Bioresidue Generated after Harvest and Extraction of Oil from Agricultural Biomass 21.3 Coproduct Management 21.4 Biorefinery Concept 21.5 Conclusions 21.6 Acknowledgments 21.7 References Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production Processes Historical Account of Biodiesel Industry Development Necessity of Techno-Economic Evaluations 22.3 Evaluations with Vegetable Oil and Waste Cooking Oil 22.4 Techno-Economic Studies with Algal Oil 22.5 Advent of Single Cell Oil and Techno-Economic Shortcomings 22.6 Cost Considerations in Downstream Processing 22.7 Cost Consideration in the Transesterification Process 22.8 Post-Transesterification Purification Cost Consideration 22.9 Evaluation of Economic Feasibility 22.10 Global Biodiesel Economy and Roadmap Ahead 22.11 Conclusions 22.12 References Biodiesel Impact on Environment and Health 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Effect on Air Quality 23.3 Effect on Water Resources 23.4 Effect on Soil 23.5 Effect on Biodiversity 23.6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 23.7 Public Safety and Health 23.8 Challenges 23.9 Summary 23.10 Acknowledgments 23.11 References Biodiesel: Socioeconomic and Political Aspects 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Policy Impetus to Biodiesel Production in Various Countries 24.3 The Oil Sector: Its Political Power and Sensitivity 24.4 Social and Environmental Aftermath of Biodiesel Production 24.5 Conclusions 24.6 References Index
