With the emergence of democracy in the city-state of Athens in the years around 460 BC, public speaking became an essential skill for politicians in the Assemblies and Councils - and even for ordinary citizens in the courts of law. In response, the technique of rhetoric rapidly developed, bringing virtuoso performances and a host of practical manuals for the layman. While many of these were little more than collections of debaters' tricks, the Art of Rhetoric held a far deeper purpose. Here Aristotle (384-322 BC) establishes the methods of informal reasoning, provides the first aesthetic evaluation of prose style and offers detailed observations on character and the emotions. Hugely influential upon later Western culture, the Art of Rhetoric is a fascinating consideration of the force of persuasion and sophistry, and a compelling guide to the principles behind oratorical skill.
The Art of Rhetoric - Aristotle Translated with an Introduction and Notes by Hugh Lawson-TancredPreface Introduction: 1. The Importance of Ancient Rhetoric 2. The Historical Background to the Rhetoric 3. Rhetoric as Techne 4. Psychology in the Rhetoric 5. Style and Composition 6. The Rhetorical Legacy of Aristotle 7. The Translation THE ART OF RHETORICSection One: Introductory Chapter 1.1. The Nature of Rhetoric PART ONE: DEMONSTRATIONSection Two: The Genres of Oratory Chapter 1.2. The Definition of Rhetoric Chapter 1.3. The Genres Section Three: Deliberation Chapter 1.4. The Province of Deliberation Chapter 1.5. Happiness Chapter 1.6. The Good and the Expedient Chapter 1.7. Relative Expediency Chapter 1.8. Constitutions Section Four: Display Chapter 1.9. Display Oratory Section Five: Litigation Chapter 1.10. Injustice Chapter 1.11. Pleasure Chapter 1.12. The Criminal Mind Chapter 1.13. Crime and Punishment Chapter 1.14. Relatively Serious Crimes Chapter 1.15. Non-technical Proofs PART TWO: EMOTION AND CHARACTERSection Six: Emotion Chapter 2.1. The Role of Emotion and Character Chapter 2.2. Anger Chapter 2.3. Calm Chapter 2.4. Friendship and Enmity Chapter 2.5. Fear and Confidence Chapter 2.6. Shame Chapter 2.7. Favour Chapter 2.8. Pity Chapter 2.9. Indignation Chapter 2.10. Envy Chapter 2.11. Jealousy Section Seven: Character Chapter 2.12. Youth Chapter 2.13. Old Age Chapter 2.14. Prime Chapter 2.15. Birth Chapter 2.16. Wealth Chapter 2.17. Power PART THREE: UNIVERSAL ASPECTSSection Eight: Common Topics Chapter 2.18. The Role of Common Topics Chapter 2.19. The Topics of Possibility Chapter 2.20. Example Chapter 2.21. Maxim Chapter 2.22. Enthymeme Chapter 2.23. Demonstrative Common Topics Chapter 2.24. Illusory Topics Chapter 2.25. Refutation Chapter 2.26. Amplification Section Nine: Style Chapter 3.1. Historical Preliminary Chapter 3.2. Clarity Chapter 3.3. Frigidity Chapter 3.4. Simile Chapter 3.5. Purity Chapter 3.6. Amplitude Chapter 3.7. Propriety Chapter 3.8. Rhythm Chapter 3.9. Syntax Chapter 3.10. Wit and Metaphor Chapter 3.11. Vividness Chapter 3.12. Suitability to Genre Section Ten: Composition Chapter 3.13. Narration and Proof Chapter 3.14. The Introduction Chapter 3.15. Prejudice Chapter 3.16. Narration Chapter 3.17. Proof and Refutation Chapter 3.18. Altercation Chapter 3.19. The Epilogue Notes Bibliography
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