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Introduction 1 1 Some Fundamentals 5 Programming 5 Higher-Level Languages 5 Operating Systems 6 Compiling Programs 7 Integrated Development Environments 10 Language Interpreters 10 2 Compiling and Running Your First Program 11 Compiling Your Program 12 Running Your Program 12 Understanding Your First Program 13 Displaying the Values of Variables 15 Comments 17 Exercises 19 3 Variables, Data Types, and Arithmetic Expressions 21 Understanding Data Types and Constants 21 The Integer Type int 22 The Floating Number Type float 23 The Extended Precision Type double 23 The Single Character Type char 24 The Boolean Data Type _Bool 24 Type Specifiers: long, long long, short, unsigned, and signed 26 Working with Variables 29 Working with Arithmetic Expressions 30 Integer Arithmetic and the Unary Minus Operator 33 Combining Operations with Assignment: The Assignment Operators 39 Types _Complex and _Imaginary 40 Exercises 40 4 Program Looping 43 Triangular Numbers 43 The for Statement 44 Relational Operators 46 Aligning Output 50 Program Input 51 Nested for Loops 53 for Loop Variants 55 The while Statement 56 The do Statement 60 The break Statement 62 The continue Statement 62 Exercises 63 5 Making Decisions 65 The if Statement 65 The if-else Construct 69 Compound Relational Tests 72 Nested if Statements 74 The else if Construct 76 The switch Statement 83 Boolean Variables 86 The Conditional Operator 90 Exercises 92 6 Working with Arrays 95 Defining an Array 96 Using Array Elements as Counters 100 Generating Fibonacci Numbers 103 Using an Array to Generate Prime Numbers 104 Initializing Arrays 106 Character Arrays 108 Base Conversion Using Arrays 109 The const Qualifier 111 Multidimensional Arrays 113 Variable Length Arrays 115 Exercises 117 7 Working with Functions 119 Defining a Function 119 Arguments and Local Variables 123 Function Prototype Declaration 124 Automatic Local Variables 124 Returning Function Results 126 Functions Calling Functions Calling... 130 Declaring Return Types and Argument Types 133 Checking Function Arguments 135 Top-Down Programming 137 Functions and Arrays 137 Assignment Operators 141 Sorting Arrays 143 Multidimensional Arrays 146 Global Variables 151 Automatic and Static Variables 155 Recursive Functions 158 Exercises 161 8 Working with Structures 163 The Basics of Structures 163 A Structure for Storing the Date 164 Using Structures in Expressions 166 Functions and Structures 169 A Structure for Storing the Time 175 Initializing Structures 178 Compound Literals 178 Arrays of Structures 180 Structures Containing Structures 183 Structures Containing Arrays 185 Structure Variants 189 Exercises 190 9 Character Strings 193 Revisiting the Basics of Strings 193 Arrays of Characters 194 Variable-Length Character Strings 197 Initializing and Displaying Character Strings 199 Testing Two Character Strings for Equality 202 Inputting Character Strings 204 Single-Character Input 206 The Null String 211 Escape Characters 215 More on Constant Strings 217 Character Strings, Structures, and Arrays 218 A Better Search Method 221 Character Operations 226 Exercises 229 10 Pointers 233 Pointers and Indirection 233 Defining a Pointer Variable 234 Using Pointers in Expressions 237 Working with Pointers and Structures 239 Structures Containing Pointers 241 Linked Lists 243 The Keyword const and Pointers 251 Pointers and Functions 252 Pointers and Arrays 258 A Slight Digression About Program Optimization 262 Is It an Array or Is It a Pointer? 262 Pointers to Character Strings 264 Constant Character Strings and Pointers 266 The Increment and Decrement Operators Revisited 267 Operations on Pointers 271 Pointers to Functions 272 Pointers and Memory Addresses 273 Exercises 275 11 Operations on Bits 277 The Basics of Bits 277 Bit Operators 278 The Bitwise AND Operator 279 The Bitwise Inclusive-OR Operator 281 The Bitwise Exclusive-OR Operator 282 The Ones Complement Operator 283 The Left Shift Operator 285 The Right Shift Operator 286 A Shift Function 286 Rotating Bits 288 Bit Fields 291 Exercises 295 12 The Preprocessor 297 The #define Statement 297 Program Extendability 301 Program Portability 302 More Advanced Types of Definitions 304 The # Operator 309 The ## Operator 310 The #include Statement 311 System Include Files 313 Conditional Compilation 314 The #ifdef, #endif, #else, and #ifndef Statements 314 The #if and #elif Preprocessor Statements 316 The #undef Statement 317 Exercises 318 13 Extending Data Types with the Enumerated Data Type, Type Definitions, and Data Type Conversions 319 Enumerated Data Types 319 The typedef Statement 323 Data Type Conversions 325 Sign Extension 327 Argument Conversion 328 Exercises 329 14 Working with Larger Programs 331 Dividing Your Program into Multiple Files 331 Compiling Multiple Source Files from the Command Line 332 Communication Between Modules 334 External Variables 334 Static Versus Extern Variables and Functions 337 Using Header Files Effectively 339 Other Utilities for Working with Larger Programs 341 The make Utility 341 The cvs Utility 343 Unix Utilities: ar, grep, sed, and so on 343 15 Input and Output Operations in C 345 Character I/O: getchar() and putchar() 346 Formatted I/O: printf() and scanf() 346 The printf() Function 346 The scanf() Function 353 Input and Output Operations with Files 358 Redirecting I/O to a File 358 End of File 361 Special Functions for Working with Files 362 The fopen Function 362 The getc() and putc() Functions 364 The fclose() Function 365 The feof Function 367 The fprintf() and fscanf() Functions 367 The fgets() and fputs() Functions 367 stdin, stdout, and stderr 368 The exit() Function 369 Renaming and Removing Files 370 Exercises 371 16 Miscellaneous and Advanced Features 373 Miscellaneous Language Statements 373 The goto Statement 373 The null Statement 374 Working with Unions 375 The Comma Operator 378 Type Qualifiers 379 The register Qualifier 379 The volatile Qualifier 379 The restrict Qualifier 379 Command-line Arguments 380 Dynamic Memory Allocation 384 The calloc() and malloc() Functions 385 The sizeof Operator 385 The free Function 387 Exercises 389 17 Debugging Programs 391 Debugging with the Preprocessor 391 Debugging Programs with gdb 397 Working with Variables 400 Source File Display 401 Controlling Program Execution 402 Getting a Stack Trace 406 Calling Functions and Setting Arrays and Structures 407 Getting Help with gdb Commands 408 Odds and Ends 410 18 Object-Oriented Programming 413 What Is an Object Anyway? 413 Instances and Methods 414 Writing a C Program to Work with Fractions 416 Defining an Objective-C Class to Work with Fractions 417 Defining a C++ Class to Work with Fractions 421 Defining a C# Class to Work with Fractions 424 A C Language Summary 427 B The Standard C Library 471 C Compiling Programs with gcc 495 D Common Programming Mistakes 499 E Resources 505 TOC, 9780321776419, 7/28/2014

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